Benin

Western Africa

Africa

A very low-cost West African economy with low local wage costs, but a weak passport (~65 destinations), limited English and a long 10-year naturalization wait.

Overall score

Limited · Penalty applied · 93% data coverage

Language

French

Currency

XOF

Citizenship

10 years

Personal tax

PwC does not publish a headline personal tax rate for Benin.

Cost of living

Consumer price level 34 (world = 100, 2025)

Rules change often. Confirm any immigration, tax or legal decision with a qualified professional.

Score breakdown

Access

17%

44Residence12%

51Citizenship and passport5%

Earning power

25%

57Salary and work12%

64Buying power13%

Business and wealth

20%

40Taxes7%

43Business8%

39Investment5%

Daily life

25%

40Quality of life18%

35Education7%

Rights and institutions

13%

58Freedom6%

38Rule of law7%

Healthcare collapse (17) cut the overall score from 47 to 33.

Pros

Relative affordability score 83/100
Human development score 52/100
Business environment score 40/100

Cons

Passport mobility score 34/100
Tax friendliness score 40/100
Institutional environment score 44/100

Best for

Applicants prepared to use local languagesCost-conscious residentsPeople with a confirmed local employment or study route

Score profile

Access

Residence

Citizenship

Passport

Earning power

Salary & work

Buying power

Cost of living

Economy

Business and wealth

Taxes

Personal tax

Corporate tax

Business

Investment

Wealth building

Daily life

Safety

Healthcare

Environment

Infrastructure

Education

HDI

Rights and institutions

Freedom

Rule of law

How the scores are calculated

Access

Residence

Openness to residents

Limited

Migrant stock2.9% of population (2024)

Regulatory quality-0.28 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways

Employment residenceStudy residenceFamily reunificationBusiness or investment residence where eligible

Student	Admission, proof of funds, accommodation, insurance, and immigration approval are normally required; work rights vary.
Work	A local employer, qualifying occupation, or other work authorization is normally required; labour-market tests may apply.
Self-employed	Business registration, tax registration, and a residence or work authorization suitable for self-employment are generally required.
Permanent	Eligibility depends on years and continuity of lawful residence, route, income, character, and country-specific legislation.

Citizenship

Citizenship accessibility

Moderate

Years required	10 years
Dual allowed	Yes
Language	Language, integration, character, and documentation requirements depend on the nationality law and route.
Residence	Headline ordinary naturalization period: 10 years. Continuous residence and absence rules may apply.
Notes	This is a statutory headline from a sourced comparison table. Confirm the current nationality law and administrative practice before relying on it.

Passport

Passport power

Limited

62 / 198

Mobility

#79

Global rank

Yes

Biometric

Visa-free26
On arrival32
eTA4
Visa required136

Placeholder estimates for 2024 to 2025. Check entry rules with each destination before travelling.

Earning power

Salary & work

Labour-market strength

Moderate

Output per worker$8,897 PPP (2024)

Unemployment1.6% (2025)

Participation76.4% of 15+ (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Mean monthly earnings of employees

Overall$96 · $292 PPP (2022)

Tech (IT & comms)$128 · $389 PPP (2022)

Source: ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)

Freelance	Internet use is 34%; remote and freelance access still depends on payments, language, regulation, and immigration status.
Job market	Latest comparable unemployment rate: 1.6%. Role-specific demand varies substantially by city and sector.

Buying power

Purchasing power score

Moderate

GNI / person$4,760 PPP (2025)

Consumption / person$2,598 PPP (2024)

Price level34 (US = 100) (2025)

Income inequality34.4 Gini (2021)

Inflation1.1% / yr (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Cost of living

Affordability

Excellent

Price level34 (US = 100) (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Rent	Model benchmark: about $200 monthly housing share; derived from the World Bank consumer price level, not a market listing.
Monthly	Model benchmark: about $510 / month at a US$1,500 world-price baseline.
Cities	Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou

Economy

Economic strength

Moderate

Output & income

GDP$24.6B (2025)

GDP / person$1,658 (2025)

GNI / person$4,760 PPP (2025)

GDP growth7.5% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Stability & labour

Inflation1.1% / yr (2025)

Unemployment1.6% (2025)

Output per worker$8,897 PPP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition

Agriculture22.9% of GDP (2025)

Industry17.5% of GDP (2025)

Services50.1% of GDP (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries

Agriculture (cotton)Port & transit tradeAgro-processing

Top exports

CottonCashewsRe-exports via Cotonou port

Type	Low-income, agri- and trade-led
Key sectors	Cotton agriculture, Cotonou port & regional transit
Summary	A cotton-based West African economy that also serves as a transit and re-export gateway for the region.
Currency	West African CFA franc (pegged to the euro)

Business and wealth

Taxes

Tax friendliness

Limited

Personal	PwC does not publish a headline personal tax rate for Benin.
Corporate	PwC does not publish a headline corporate tax rate for Benin.
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
Dividends	Domestic and withholding rates vary with residence, ownership, and treaty eligibility.
Exit tax	No harmonized cross-country answer; verify current deemed-disposal and residence-cessation rules.
Foreign companies	Permanent-establishment, management-and-control, transfer-pricing, withholding, and reporting rules may apply.

Personal tax

Limited

Personal	PwC does not publish a headline personal tax rate for Benin.
Freelance	Freelancers typically need appropriate immigration permission plus business and tax registration.
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
Dividends	Domestic and withholding rates vary with residence, ownership, and treaty eligibility.
Exit tax	No harmonized cross-country answer; verify current deemed-disposal and residence-cessation rules.

Corporate tax

Limited

Corporate	PwC does not publish a headline corporate tax rate for Benin.
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
Dividends	Domestic and withholding rates vary with residence, ownership, and treaty eligibility.
Foreign companies	Permanent-establishment, management-and-control, transfer-pricing, withholding, and reporting rules may apply.

Business

Business friendliness

Limited

Regulation & bureaucracy

Regulatory quality-0.28 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Government effectiveness-0.19 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Operating rules

Foreign company	Foreign ownership is generally possible, subject to sector restrictions, licensing, local-participation rules, and beneficial-ownership checks.
Local company	Local company forms are available; registration, tax, capital, director, address, and licensing requirements vary.
Freelance	Freelancers typically need appropriate immigration permission plus business and tax registration.

Investment

Investing environment

Limited

Private credit20% of GDP (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capital gains	Capital-gains treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position.
Dividends	Data not available yet
ETFs & funds	Data not available yet
Wealth tax	Verify current national and subnational net-wealth, property, inheritance, and transfer taxes.
Brokers	Local and international broker access depends on residency, exchange controls, sanctions screening, and platform onboarding.
Foreign access	Data not available yet
Tax-advantaged	Data not available yet

Wealth building

Wealth accumulation

Moderate

Salary & work

Moderate

Business

Limited

Investment

Limited

Tax friendliness

Limited

Cost of living

Excellent

Daily life

Safety

Safety & stability

Good

Personal safety

Homicide rate1.1 per 100,000 (2017)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Institutions & stability

Control of corruption-0.24 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Political stability-0.40 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Healthcare

Healthcare score

Low

Outcomes

Life expectancy61.0 years (2024)

Under-5 mortality74.7 per 1,000 births (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing

Physicians0.22 per 1,000 (2023)

Hospital beds0.43 per 1,000 (2021)

Health spending$138 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs

System	Public and private provision coexist; eligibility, service quality, and capacity vary by location.
Insurance	Insurance and proof-of-cover requirements depend on immigration status, employer, and residence route.
Average cost	Health expenditure: $138 PPP per person (2023).

Environment

Environment score

Moderate

Environmental pressure

PM2.5 exposure39.7 μg/m³ annually (2023)

Water stress1.0% (2022)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Infrastructure

Infrastructure score

Limited

Digital infrastructure

Internet use34.0% (2024)

Internet resilience44 / 100 (2026)

Fixed speed55 / 100 download index (2026)

Mobile speed50 / 100 download index (2026)

Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index

Utilities

Electricity access57.0% (2023)

Grid losses58.6% of output (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Transport

Transport quality2.50 / 5 (2022)

Rail density6.7 km / 1,000 km² (2006)

Air connectivity1 departures / million people (2016)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Education

Education score

Limited

Attainment

Expected schooling10.4 years (2023)

Mean schooling3.2 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment

Tertiary enrolment10% gross (2022)

Education spending3.2% of GDP (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tuition	Fees vary by institution, programme, level, and nationality; no harmonized official tuition series is used.
Public university	Check current public-university fee schedules and scholarship rules directly with each institution.
Languages	French
Student work	Student employment rights vary by permit and may require separate authorization or hour limits.

HDI

Human development score

Moderate

HDI0.515 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life

Life expectancy60.8 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge

Expected schooling10.4 years (2023)

Mean schooling3.2 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025