Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Southern Europe

EuropeNon-EU
61
Overall score
Moderate overall
Language
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Currency
BAM
Citizenship
8 years
Personal tax
Generally 10%
Cost of living
€850 / mo (single)

A low-tax European country with low university tuition, but case-by-case immigration and tax rules.

Pros

  • Low university tuition

Cons

  • Case-by-case immigration and tax rules

Best for

Low-tax relocatorsStudents

Score profile

Status & mobility
Passport
63
Citizenship
35
Residence
27
Money & business
Taxes
86
Corporate tax
71
Business
60
Investment
52
Economy
67
Wealth building
65
Living, study & work
Education
63
Salary & work
46
Cost of living
85
Buying power
79
Quality of life
Safety
60
Healthcare
72
Infrastructure
62
HDI
80

Status & mobility

Passport

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any travel or visa decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Passport power
Moderate
63

Passport-index style mobility for the Bosnia and Herzegovina passport. The score above is its world reach: the share of 198 destinations reachable without a prior visa.

125 / 198
Mobility
#45
Global rank
Yes
Biometric
  • Visa-free80
  • On arrival39
  • eTA6
  • Visa required73

Passport Index style mobility data (2024–2025 estimate). Placeholder figures; verify current entry rules with each destination’s authority before travelling.

Citizenship

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any citizenship decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Citizenship accessibility
Limited
35
Years required8 years
Dual allowedDepends on route and existing nationality
LanguageCheck the current naturalisation rules for the selected route
ResidenceTypical headline route: 8 years; qualifying residence and absence rules apply
NotesRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Residence

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any residence / visa decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Openness to residents
Low
27
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines how international the population already is (migrant stock at 45%), governance quality (regulatory quality at 25%), and the curated residence-pathway signal (30%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below.

Migrant stock1.1% of population (2024)
Regulatory quality-0.35 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways
EmploymentStudyFamily reunificationBusiness or investment where eligible
StudentRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
WorkRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Self-employedRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
PermanentRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Money & business

Taxes

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Tax friendliness
Excellent
86
PersonalGenerally 10%
Corporate10%
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
DividendsRates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit taxCheck current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Foreign cosManagement, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply
Personal tax

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Personal tax
Excellent
82
PersonalGenerally 10%
FreelanceRegistration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
DividendsRates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit taxCheck current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Corporate tax

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Corporate tax
Good
71
Corporate10%
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
DividendsRates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Foreign cosManagement, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply
Business
Business friendliness
Moderate
60
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score leans on the two things founders ask about most: the tax burden (headline corporate rate at 20%, broader tax friendliness at 15%, and freedom from exit-tax / CFC rules at 10%) plus the regulatory and bureaucratic environment (regulatory quality 15%, government effectiveness 15%), on top of the curated company-rules signal (25%). Available indicators are reweighted; the values are shown below.

Regulation & bureaucracy
Regulatory quality-0.35 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Government effectiveness-0.64 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Rules & taxes
Foreign co.Generally possible, subject to sector, registration, tax, and substance rules
Local co.Available company forms and capital requirements vary
FreelanceRegistration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Corporate tax10%
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Exit taxCheck current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Foreign cosManagement, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply
Investment

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any investment / tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Investing environment
Moderate
52
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score is mostly the investor-tax signal (capital-gains treatment, broker access, wealth tax, and ETF or other taxes on investment, 70%), lightly contextualised by equity-market depth (market cap / GDP at 18%) and credit depth (domestic credit to the private sector / GDP at 12%). Available indicators are reweighted.

Private credit48% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, residence, holding period, and treaty position
DividendsData not available yet
ETFs & fundsData not available yet
Wealth taxCheck current national and subnational rules
BrokersLocal and international availability varies by residency and compliance checks
Foreign accessData not available yet
Tax-advantagedData not available yet
Economy
Economic strength
Good
67
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines income level (GDP and GNI per capita, output per worker), growth momentum (real GDP growth), price stability (inflation) and labour utilisation (unemployment). Available indicators are reweighted; the sector split and industry profile below are descriptive, not scored.

Output & income
GDP$29.6B (2024)
GDP / person$9,359 (2024)
GNI / person$24,990 PPP (2024)
GDP growth3.0% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Stability & labour
Inflation1.7% / yr (2024)
Unemployment11.0% (2025)
Output per worker$53,676 PPP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition
Agriculture4.5% of GDP (2024)
Industry22.4% of GDP (2024)
Services56.6% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries
Metals & miningEnergyWood processingManufacturingAgriculture
Top exports
Metals & oresElectricityWood productsMachinery
TypeUpper-middle-income, industry- and resources-led
Key sectorsMetals & energy, Wood processing, Manufacturing
SummaryA Balkan economy built on metals, energy exports and wood processing, with significant remittances.
CurrencyConvertible mark (pegged to the euro)
Wealth building

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax / investment decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Wealth accumulation
Good
65
How this score is calculated

How favourable Bosnia and Herzegovina is for building wealth: earnings and business/investment upside, tax drag, and how much a typical income keeps after living costs. Estimated from the factors below.

Salary & work
Moderate
48
Business
Moderate
60
Investment
Moderate
55
Tax friendliness
Excellent
86
Cost of living
Excellent
85

Living, study & work

Education
Education score
Moderate
63
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines attainment (expected schooling at 30% and mean schooling at 25%) with participation (tertiary enrolment at 25%) and public investment (government education spending at 20%). Available indicators are reweighted; tuition and study rules remain separate profile fields below.

Attainment
Expected schooling13.2 years (2023)
Mean schooling11.0 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment
Tertiary enrolment46% gross (2023)
Education spending3.2% of GDP (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tuition€1,500–5,000 / yr
Public uniVaries by institution, programme, and student nationality
LanguagesBosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Student workRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Salary & work
Labour-market strength
Moderate
46
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines output per worker (a proxy for wage potential at 40%), unemployment (35%) and labour-force participation (25%). Available indicators are reweighted; the curated profile fields remain below.

Output per worker$53,676 PPP (2024)
Unemployment11.0% (2025)
Participation49.0% of 15+ (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Mean monthly earnings of employees
Overall$1,106 · $2,716 PPP (2024)
Tech (IT & comms)$1,106 · $2,716 PPP (2024)

Source: ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)

FreelanceMarket access depends on language, sector, and work authorisation
Job marketUse current local vacancy and salary data for role-specific decisions.
Cost of living
Affordability
Excellent
85

Our 0–100 affordability score is derived from the local consumer price level (World Bank, US = 100): the cheaper everyday prices are, the higher it scores. Lower price level means your money goes further here.

Price level41 (US = 100) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

RentVaries substantially by city and neighbourhood
Monthly€850 / mo (single)
CitiesSarajevo, Banja Luka, Mostar
Buying power
Purchasing power score
Good
79
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score estimates how far money goes for the typical person here. It combines GNI per capita at PPP (30%) and actual household consumption per person at PPP (15%) with a price-advantage term from the local price level (25%) that rewards lower prices, then adjusts for income equality via the Gini index (20%), so unequal economies don't ride a high average, plus price stability via consumer inflation (10%). Available indicators are reweighted; it is a comparison, not a personal budget estimate.

GNI / person$24,990 PPP (2024)
Consumption / person$15,895 PPP (2024)
Price level41 (US = 100) (2024)
Income inequality30.3 Gini (2021)
Inflation1.7% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Quality of life

Safety
Safety & stability
Moderate
60
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines personal safety (intentional homicide rate at 35%), institutional quality (rule of law at 25% and control of corruption at 20%), and political stability and absence of violence (20%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below. Always check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Personal safety
Homicide rate1.2 per 100,000 (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Institutions & stability
Rule of law-0.32 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Control of corruption-0.51 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Political stability-0.50 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Healthcare
Healthcare score
Good
72
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines health outcomes (life expectancy at 25% and under-5 mortality at 20%) with system capacity (physicians at 20% and hospital beds at 15% per 1,000 people) and health spending per capita (20%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below.

Outcomes
Life expectancy78.0 years (2024)
Under-5 mortality6.9 per 1,000 births (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing
Physicians2.58 per 1,000 (2019)
Hospital beds2.35 per 1,000 (2019)
Health spending$1,989 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs
SystemPublic/private mix varies by eligibility and residence status
InsuranceCheck residence-permit and local coverage requirements
Avg costDepends on eligibility, income, insurer, and chosen coverage
Infrastructure
Infrastructure score
Moderate
62
How this score is calculated

The score combines digital access, resilience and download performance (30%), electricity access and network losses (30%), and transport infrastructure covering rail, logistics and aviation (40%). Available inputs are reweighted, but a country needs both digital and transport data to receive a score.

Digital infrastructure
Internet use86.1% (2024)
Internet resilience49 / 100 (2026)
Fixed speed58 / 100 download index (2026)
Mobile speed50 / 100 download index (2026)

Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index

Utilities
Electricity access100.0% (2023)
Grid losses7.2% of output (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Transport
Transport quality2.60 / 5 (2022)
Rail density19.9 km / 1,000 km² (2019)
Air connectivity14 departures / million people (2020)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

HDI
Human development score
Excellent
80
How this score is calculated

The UN Human Development Index is the geometric mean of three dimension indices (a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living), shown on a 0–100 map scale (HDI × 100). The 2023 UNDP inputs behind each dimension are listed below.

HDI0.804 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life
Life expectancy77.8 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge
Expected schooling13.2 years (2023)
Mean schooling11.0 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Standard of living
GNI / person$19,827 PPP (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Resources

Mock data for demonstration only. Not legal or tax advice.