Indonesia
South-eastern Asia
Asia
An Asian country with residence by investment, a digital-nomad visa and low university tuition, but no dual citizenship.
56
Overall score
Moderate · 98% data coverage
Language
IndonesianCurrency
IDRCitizenship
5 continuous or 10 cumulative yearsPersonal tax
Progressive, up to 35%Cost of living
$900 / mo (single)Rules change often. Confirm any immigration, tax or legal decision with a qualified professional.
Score breakdown
38
Access
17%42Residence12%
29Citizenship and passport5%
69
Earning power
25%63Salary and work12%
75Buying power13%
56
Business and wealth
20%60Taxes7%
61Business8%
43Investment5%
58
Daily life
25%59Quality of life18%
54Education7%
48
Rights and institutions
13%53Freedom6%
44Rule of law7%
Pros
- Residence by investment
- A digital-nomad visa
- Low university tuition
Cons
- No dual citizenship
Best for
Remote workersStudentsInvestors
Score profile
Access
Residence
42
Citizenship
24
Passport
45
Earning power
Salary & work
63
Buying power
75
Cost of living
95
Economy
70
Business and wealth
Taxes
60
Personal tax
36
Corporate tax
37
Business
61
Investment
43
Wealth building
63
Daily life
Safety
68
Healthcare
47
Environment
77
Infrastructure
67
Education
54
HDI
73
Rights and institutions
Freedom
53
Rule of law
44
Access
Residence
Openness to residents
42Limited
Migrant stock0.2% of population (2024)
Regulatory quality0.12 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Main pathways
EmploymentStudyFamily reunificationBusiness or investment where eligible
| Student | Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting. |
|---|---|
| Work | Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting. |
| Self-employed | Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting. |
| Permanent | Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting. |
Citizenship
Citizenship accessibility
24Low
| Years required | 5 continuous or 10 cumulative years |
|---|---|
| Dual allowed | No |
| Language | Check the current naturalisation rules for the selected route |
| Residence | Typical headline route: 5 continuous or 10 cumulative years; qualifying residence and absence rules apply |
| Notes | Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting. |
Passport
Passport power
45Moderate
89 / 198
Mobility
#58
Global rank
Yes
Biometric
- Visa-free33
- On arrival52
- eTA4
- Visa required109
Placeholder estimates for 2024 to 2025. Check entry rules with each destination before travelling.
Earning power
Salary & work
Labour-market strength
63Moderate
Output per worker$29,217 PPP (2024)
Unemployment3.2% (2025)
Participation68.0% of 15+ (2025)
Mean monthly earnings of employees
Overall$148 · $437 PPP (2023)
Tech (IT & comms)$239 · $709 PPP (2023)
| Freelance | Market access depends on language, sector, and work authorisation |
|---|---|
| Job market | Use current local vacancy and salary data for role-specific decisions. |
Buying power
Purchasing power score
75Good
GNI / person$17,190 PPP (2025)
Consumption / person$8,409 PPP (2024)
Price level31 (US = 100) (2025)
Income inequality34.4 Gini (2025)
Inflation1.9% / yr (2025)
Cost of living
Affordability
95Excellent
Price level31 (US = 100) (2025)
| Rent | Varies substantially by city and neighbourhood |
|---|---|
| Monthly | $900 / mo (single) |
| Cities | Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Denpasar |
Economy
Economic strength
70Good
Output & income
GDP$1.4T (2025)
GDP / person$5,060 (2025)
GNI / person$17,190 PPP (2025)
GDP growth5.0% / yr (2024)
Stability & labour
Inflation1.9% / yr (2025)
Unemployment3.2% (2025)
Output per worker$29,217 PPP (2024)
Sector composition
Agriculture13.1% of GDP (2025)
Industry38.7% of GDP (2025)
Services43.9% of GDP (2025)
Main industries
Mining & mineralsPalm oil & agricultureManufacturingEnergyTextiles
Top exports
CoalPalm oilNickel & metalsMachineryTextiles
| Type | Upper-middle-income, resources- and manufacturing-led |
|---|---|
| Key sectors | Nickel & mining (a battery-metals leader), Palm oil, Manufacturing |
| Summary | Southeast Asia's largest economy, a major commodity exporter moving up the value chain in nickel and EV materials. |
| Currency | Indonesian rupiah |
Business and wealth
Taxes
Tax friendliness
60Moderate
| Personal | Progressive, up to 35% |
|---|---|
| Corporate | 22% |
| Capital gains | Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position |
| Dividends | Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility |
| Exit tax | Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence |
| Foreign companies | Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply |
Personal tax
Personal tax
36Limited
| Personal | Progressive, up to 35% |
|---|---|
| Freelance | Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply |
| Capital gains | Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position |
| Dividends | Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility |
| Exit tax | Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence |
Corporate tax
Corporate tax
37Limited
| Corporate | 22% |
|---|---|
| Capital gains | Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position |
| Dividends | Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility |
| Foreign companies | Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply |
Business
Business friendliness
61Moderate
Regulation & bureaucracy
Regulatory quality0.12 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Government effectiveness0.18 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Operating rules
| Foreign company | Generally possible, subject to sector, registration, tax, and substance rules |
|---|---|
| Local company | Available company forms and capital requirements vary |
| Freelance | Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply |
Investment
Investing environment
43Limited
Market cap66% of GDP (2025)
Private credit36% of GDP (2025)
| Capital gains | Treatment varies by asset, residence, holding period, and treaty position |
|---|---|
| Dividends | Data not available yet |
| ETFs & funds | Data not available yet |
| Wealth tax | Check current national and subnational rules |
| Brokers | Local and international availability varies by residency and compliance checks |
| Foreign access | Data not available yet |
| Tax-advantaged | Data not available yet |
Wealth building
Wealth accumulation
63Moderate
Salary & work
63Moderate
Business
61Moderate
Investment
43Limited
Tax friendliness
60Moderate
Cost of living
95Excellent
Daily life
Safety
Safety & stability
68Good
Institutions & stability
Control of corruption-0.54 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Political stability-0.61 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Check current government travel and security advice before relocating.
Healthcare
Healthcare score
47Moderate
Outcomes
Life expectancy71.3 years (2024)
Under-5 mortality17.7 per 1,000 births (2024)
Capacity & resourcing
Physicians0.52 per 1,000 (2023)
Hospital beds1.37 per 1,000 (2023)
Health spending$417 PPP / person (2023)
System & costs
| System | Public/private mix varies by eligibility and residence status |
|---|---|
| Insurance | Check residence-permit and local coverage requirements |
| Average cost | Depends on eligibility, income, insurer, and chosen coverage |
Environment
Environment score
77Good
Environmental pressure
PM2.5 exposure20.8 μg/m³ annually (2023)
Water stress29.7% (2022)
Infrastructure
Infrastructure score
67Good
Digital infrastructure
Internet use72.8% (2024)
Internet resilience59 / 100 (2026)
Fixed speed62 / 100 download index (2026)
Mobile speed63 / 100 download index (2026)
Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index
Utilities
Electricity access99.4% (2023)
Grid losses6.5% of output (2023)
Transport
Transport quality2.90 / 5 (2022)
Rail density2.9 km / 1,000 km² (2019)
Air connectivity2,577 departures / million people (2023)
Education
Education score
54Moderate
Attainment
Expected schooling13.3 years (2023)
Mean schooling8.7 years (2023)
Participation & investment
Tertiary enrolment45% gross (2023)
Education spending1.3% of GDP (2023)
| Tuition | $3,000-12,000 / yr |
|---|---|
| Public university | Varies by institution, programme, and student nationality |
| Languages | Indonesian |
| Student work | Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting. |
HDI
Human development score
73Good
HDI0.728 (2023)
Knowledge
Expected schooling13.3 years (2023)
Mean schooling8.7 years (2023)
Rights and institutions
Freedom
Freedom score
53Moderate
| Freedom in the World | 57 / 100 (Partly free) |
|---|---|
| Freedom on the Net | 48 / 100 (Partly free) |
Sources
Rule of law
Rule of law score
44Limited
| Rule of Law percentile | 44 / 100 |
|---|
Sources
Resources
Official references
UN Statistics: M49 country and area codesunstats.un.orgPwC: Worldwide Tax Summariestaxsummaries.pwc.comASEAN: Member Statesasean.orgUNDP Human Development Report 2025hdr.undp.orgInternet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Indexpulse.internetsociety.orgWorld Bank World Development Indicatorsdata.worldbank.orgILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)ilostat.ilo.org
Quick links
Data is illustrative. Not legal or tax advice.