Liechtenstein

Western Europe

EuropeNon-EUSchengenEFTA

A low-tax Schengen-area country with a top-tier passport and residence by investment, but a high cost of living, a very long 30-year citizenship wait and no dual citizenship.

–

Overall score

Insufficient data · 60% data coverage

Language

German

Currency

CHF

Citizenship

30 years (ordinary route)

Personal tax

Low progressive national and municipal taxation

Cost of living

CHF 2,500 / mo (single)

Rules change often. Confirm any immigration, tax or legal decision with a qualified professional.

Score breakdown

Access

17%

96Residence12%

19Citizenship and passport5%

–

Earning power

25%

–Salary and work12%

–Buying power13%

Business and wealth

20%

88Taxes7%

83Business8%

50Investment5%

–

Daily life

25%

–Quality of life18%

68Education7%

Rights and institutions

13%

90Freedom6%

90Rule of law7%

Pros

A top-tier passport
Residence by investment

Cons

A high cost of living
A very long 30-year citizenship wait
No dual citizenship

Best for

Low-tax relocatorsInvestors

Score profile

Access

Residence

Citizenship

Passport

Earning power

Salary & work

–

Buying power

–

Cost of living

Economy

–

Business and wealth

Taxes

Personal tax

Corporate tax

Business

Investment

Wealth building

–

Daily life

Safety

Healthcare

–

Environment

–

Infrastructure

–

Education

HDI

Rights and institutions

Freedom

Rule of law

How the scores are calculated

Access

Residence

Openness to residents

Excellent

Migrant stock69.4% of population (2024)

Regulatory quality1.54 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways

EmploymentStudyFamily reunificationBusiness or investment where eligible

Student	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Work	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Self-employed	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Permanent	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Citizenship

Citizenship accessibility

Low

Years required	30 years (ordinary route)
Dual allowed	No
Language	Check the current naturalisation rules for the selected route
Residence	Typical headline route: 30 years (ordinary route); qualifying residence and absence rules apply
Notes	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Passport

Passport power

Excellent

176 / 198

Mobility

#17

Global rank

Yes

Biometric

Visa-free127
On arrival44
eTA5
Visa required22

Placeholder estimates for 2024 to 2025. Check entry rules with each destination before travelling.

Earning power

Salary & work

Labour-market strength

Data not available

–

Tech salary (estimate)	Varies substantially by city, seniority, and employer
Freelance	Market access depends on language, sector, and work authorisation
Job market	Use current local vacancy and salary data for role-specific decisions.

Buying power

Purchasing power score

Data not available

–

Cost of living

Affordability

Excellent

Rent	Varies substantially by city and neighbourhood
Monthly	CHF 2,500 / mo (single)
Cities	Vaduz, Schaan

Economy

Economic strength

Data not available

–

Output & income

GDP$8.9B (2024)

GDP / person$220,167 (2024)

GDP growth-1.2% / yr (2009)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition

Agriculture0.2% of GDP (2023)

Industry39.1% of GDP (2023)

Services57.4% of GDP (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries

Precision manufacturingBanking & financeDental & ceramicsElectronics

Top exports

Precision instrumentsDental productsMachinery

Type	High-income, finance- and high-tech-manufacturing-led
Key sectors	Private banking, Niche industrial manufacturing
Summary	A tiny, wealthy economy combining private banking with highly specialised precision manufacturing.
Currency	Swiss franc

Business and wealth

Taxes

Tax friendliness

Excellent

Personal	Low progressive national and municipal taxation
Corporate	12.5%
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit tax	Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Foreign companies	Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply

Personal tax

Excellent

Personal	Low progressive national and municipal taxation
Freelance	Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit tax	Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence

Corporate tax

Moderate

Corporate	12.5%
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Foreign companies	Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply

Business

Business friendliness

Excellent

Regulation & bureaucracy

Regulatory quality1.54 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Government effectiveness1.69 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Operating rules

Foreign company	Generally possible, subject to sector, registration, tax, and substance rules
Local company	Available company forms and capital requirements vary
Freelance	Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply

Investment

Investing environment

Moderate

Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, residence, holding period, and treaty position
Dividends	Data not available yet
ETFs & funds	Data not available yet
Wealth tax	Check current national and subnational rules
Brokers	Local and international availability varies by residency and compliance checks
Foreign access	Data not available yet
Tax-advantaged	Data not available yet

Wealth building

Wealth accumulation

Data not available

–

Salary & work

Data not available

–

Business

Excellent

Investment

Moderate

Tax friendliness

Excellent

Cost of living

Excellent

Daily life

Safety

Safety & stability

Good

Personal safety

Homicide rate5.1 per 100,000 (2021)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Institutions & stability

Control of corruption1.76 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Political stability1.58 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Healthcare

Healthcare score

Data not available

–

Outcomes

Life expectancy84.2 years (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing

Health spending$9,795 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs

System	Public/private mix varies by eligibility and residence status
Insurance	Check residence-permit and local coverage requirements
Average cost	Depends on eligibility, income, insurer, and chosen coverage

Environment

Environment score

Data not available

–

Infrastructure

Infrastructure score

Data not available

–

Digital infrastructure

Internet use98.3% (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Utilities

Electricity access100.0% (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Education

Education score

Good

Attainment

Expected schooling15.4 years (2023)

Mean schooling12.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment

Tertiary enrolment46% gross (2021)

Education spending2.6% of GDP (2011)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tuition	Limited local provision; fees vary
Public university	Varies by institution, programme, and student nationality
Languages	German
Student work	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

HDI

Human development score

Excellent

HDI0.938 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life

Life expectancy83.6 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge

Expected schooling15.4 years (2023)

Mean schooling12.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025