Madagascar

Madagascar

Eastern Africa

Africa
40
Overall score
Limited overall
Language
Malagasy, French
Currency
MGA
Citizenship
5 years
Personal tax
Up to 20% headline
Cost of living
Consumer price level 28 (world = 100, 2024)

A very low-cost East African economy with low taxes (20% corporate) and a 5-year citizenship path, but a weak passport (~55 destinations), limited English and no dual citizenship.

Pros

  • Relative affordability score 90/100
  • Human development score 49/100
  • Business environment score 37/100

Cons

  • Passport mobility score 29/100
  • Institutional environment score 35/100
  • Work and income score 47/100

Best for

Applicants prepared to use local languagesCost-conscious residentsPeople with a confirmed local employment or study route

Score profile

Status & mobility
Passport
30
Citizenship
23
Residence
18
Money & business
Taxes
60
Corporate tax
43
Business
42
Investment
26
Economy
40
Wealth building
52
Living, study & work
Education
34
Salary & work
53
Cost of living
97
Buying power
53
Quality of life
Safety
34
Healthcare
19
Infrastructure
41
HDI
49

Status & mobility

Passport

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any travel or visa decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Passport power
Limited
30

Passport-index style mobility for the Madagascar passport. The score above is its world reach: the share of 198 destinations reachable without a prior visa.

60 / 198
Mobility
#81
Global rank
Yes
Biometric
  • Visa-free22
  • On arrival35
  • eTA3
  • Visa required138

Passport Index style mobility data (2024–2025 estimate). Placeholder figures; verify current entry rules with each destination’s authority before travelling.

Citizenship

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any citizenship decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Citizenship accessibility
Low
23
Years required5 years
Dual allowedfalse
LanguageLanguage, integration, character, and documentation requirements depend on the nationality law and route.
ResidenceHeadline ordinary naturalization period: 5 years. Continuous residence and absence rules may apply.
NotesThis is a statutory headline from a sourced comparison table. Confirm the current nationality law and administrative practice before relying on it.
Residence

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any residence / visa decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Openness to residents
Low
18
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines how international the population already is (migrant stock at 45%), governance quality (regulatory quality at 25%), and the curated residence-pathway signal (30%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below.

Migrant stock0.1% of population (2024)
Regulatory quality-0.75 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways
Employment residenceStudy residenceFamily reunificationBusiness or investment residence where eligible
StudentAdmission, proof of funds, accommodation, insurance, and immigration approval are normally required; work rights vary.
WorkA local employer, qualifying occupation, or other work authorization is normally required; labour-market tests may apply.
Self-employedBusiness registration, tax registration, and a residence or work authorization suitable for self-employment are generally required.
PermanentEligibility depends on years and continuity of lawful residence, route, income, character, and country-specific legislation.

Money & business

Taxes

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Tax friendliness
Moderate
60
Personal20
Corporate20
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
DividendsDomestic and withholding rates vary with residence, ownership, and treaty eligibility.
Exit taxNo harmonized cross-country answer; verify current deemed-disposal and residence-cessation rules.
Foreign cosPermanent-establishment, management-and-control, transfer-pricing, withholding, and reporting rules may apply.
Personal tax

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Personal tax
Moderate
64
Personal20
FreelanceFreelancers typically need appropriate immigration permission plus business and tax registration.
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
DividendsDomestic and withholding rates vary with residence, ownership, and treaty eligibility.
Exit taxNo harmonized cross-country answer; verify current deemed-disposal and residence-cessation rules.
Corporate tax

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Corporate tax
Limited
43
Corporate20
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
DividendsDomestic and withholding rates vary with residence, ownership, and treaty eligibility.
Foreign cosPermanent-establishment, management-and-control, transfer-pricing, withholding, and reporting rules may apply.
Business
Business friendliness
Limited
42
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score leans on the two things founders ask about most: the tax burden (headline corporate rate at 20%, broader tax friendliness at 15%, and freedom from exit-tax / CFC rules at 10%) plus the regulatory and bureaucratic environment (regulatory quality 15%, government effectiveness 15%), on top of the curated company-rules signal (25%). Available indicators are reweighted; the values are shown below.

Regulation & bureaucracy
Regulatory quality-0.75 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Government effectiveness-0.86 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Rules & taxes
Foreign co.Foreign ownership is generally possible, subject to sector restrictions, licensing, local-participation rules, and beneficial-ownership checks.
Local co.Local company forms are available; registration, tax, capital, director, address, and licensing requirements vary.
FreelanceFreelancers typically need appropriate immigration permission plus business and tax registration.
Corporate tax20
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, entity, residence, holding period, and domestic exemptions; consult the current country summary.
Exit taxNo harmonized cross-country answer; verify current deemed-disposal and residence-cessation rules.
Foreign cosPermanent-establishment, management-and-control, transfer-pricing, withholding, and reporting rules may apply.
Investment

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any investment / tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Investing environment
Low
26
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score is mostly the investor-tax signal (capital-gains treatment, broker access, wealth tax, and ETF or other taxes on investment, 70%), lightly contextualised by equity-market depth (market cap / GDP at 18%) and credit depth (domestic credit to the private sector / GDP at 12%). Available indicators are reweighted.

Private credit17% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capital gainsCapital-gains treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position.
DividendsData not available yet
ETFs & fundsData not available yet
Wealth taxVerify current national and subnational net-wealth, property, inheritance, and transfer taxes.
BrokersLocal and international broker access depends on residency, exchange controls, sanctions screening, and platform onboarding.
Foreign accessData not available yet
Tax-advantagedData not available yet
Economy
Economic strength
Limited
40
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines income level (GDP and GNI per capita, output per worker), growth momentum (real GDP growth), price stability (inflation) and labour utilisation (unemployment). Available indicators are reweighted; the sector split and industry profile below are descriptive, not scored.

Output & income
GDP$17.4B (2024)
GDP / person$545 (2024)
GNI / person$1,830 PPP (2024)
GDP growth4.2% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Stability & labour
Inflation7.6% / yr (2024)
Unemployment3.0% (2025)
Output per worker$3,292 PPP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition
Agriculture22.5% of GDP (2024)
Industry22.8% of GDP (2024)
Services47.7% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries
Agriculture (vanilla)Mining (nickel, graphite)TextilesTourismFishing
Top exports
Vanilla & clovesNickel & cobaltTextilesShellfish
TypeLow-income, agri- and mining-led
Key sectorsVanilla & spice agriculture (a world leader), Mining, Textiles
SummaryA biodiverse island economy and the world's top vanilla producer, also exporting nickel, textiles and seafood.
CurrencyMalagasy ariary
Wealth building

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax / investment decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Wealth accumulation
Moderate
52
How this score is calculated

How favourable Madagascar is for building wealth: earnings and business/investment upside, tax drag, and how much a typical income keeps after living costs. Estimated from the factors below.

Salary & work
Moderate
47
Business
Limited
41
Investment
Low
28
Tax friendliness
Moderate
60
Cost of living
Excellent
97

Living, study & work

Education
Education score
Limited
34
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines attainment (expected schooling at 30% and mean schooling at 25%) with participation (tertiary enrolment at 25%) and public investment (government education spending at 20%). Available indicators are reweighted; tuition and study rules remain separate profile fields below.

Attainment
Expected schooling9.1 years (2023)
Mean schooling4.6 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment
Tertiary enrolment6% gross (2023)
Education spending3.0% of GDP (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

TuitionFees vary by institution, programme, level, and nationality; no harmonized official tuition series is used.
Public uniCheck current public-university fee schedules and scholarship rules directly with each institution.
LanguagesMalagasy, French
Student workStudent employment rights vary by permit and may require separate authorization or hour limits.
Salary & work
Labour-market strength
Moderate
53
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines output per worker (a proxy for wage potential at 40%), unemployment (35%) and labour-force participation (25%). Available indicators are reweighted; the curated profile fields remain below.

Output per worker$3,292 PPP (2024)
Unemployment3.0% (2025)
Participation85.5% of 15+ (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Mean monthly earnings of employees
Overall$46 · $162 PPP (2015)
Tech (IT & comms)$58 · $201 PPP (2015)

Source: ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)

FreelanceInternet use is 19%; remote and freelance access still depends on payments, language, regulation, and immigration status.
Job marketLatest comparable unemployment rate: 3.0%. Role-specific demand varies substantially by city and sector.
Cost of living
Affordability
Excellent
97

Our 0–100 affordability score is derived from the local consumer price level (World Bank, US = 100): the cheaper everyday prices are, the higher it scores. Lower price level means your money goes further here.

Price level28 (US = 100) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

RentModel benchmark: about $160 monthly housing share; derived from the World Bank consumer price level, not a market listing.
MonthlyModel benchmark: about $410 / month at a US$1,500 world-price baseline.
CitiesAntananarivo, Toamasina, Antsirabe
Buying power
Purchasing power score
Moderate
53
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score estimates how far money goes for the typical person here. It combines GNI per capita at PPP (30%) and actual household consumption per person at PPP (15%) with a price-advantage term from the local price level (25%) that rewards lower prices, then adjusts for income equality via the Gini index (20%), so unequal economies don't ride a high average, plus price stability via consumer inflation (10%). Available indicators are reweighted; it is a comparison, not a personal budget estimate.

GNI / person$1,830 PPP (2024)
Consumption / person$1,316 PPP (2023)
Price level28 (US = 100) (2024)
Income inequality36.8 Gini (2021)
Inflation7.6% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Quality of life

Safety
Safety & stability
Limited
34
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines personal safety (intentional homicide rate at 35%), institutional quality (rule of law at 25% and control of corruption at 20%), and political stability and absence of violence (20%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below. Always check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Institutions & stability
Rule of law-0.88 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Control of corruption-1.01 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Political stability-0.48 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Healthcare
Healthcare score
Low
19
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines health outcomes (life expectancy at 25% and under-5 mortality at 20%) with system capacity (physicians at 20% and hospital beds at 15% per 1,000 people) and health spending per capita (20%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below.

Outcomes
Life expectancy63.8 years (2024)
Under-5 mortality62.4 per 1,000 births (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing
Physicians0.17 per 1,000 (2022)
Hospital beds0.32 per 1,000 (2014)
Health spending$63 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs
SystemPublic and private provision coexist; eligibility, service quality, and capacity vary by location.
InsuranceInsurance and proof-of-cover requirements depend on immigration status, employer, and residence route.
Avg costHealth expenditure: $63 PPP per person (2023).
Infrastructure
Infrastructure score
Limited
41
How this score is calculated

The score combines digital access, resilience and download performance (30%), electricity access and network losses (30%), and transport infrastructure covering rail, logistics and aviation (40%). Available inputs are reweighted, but a country needs both digital and transport data to receive a score.

Digital infrastructure
Internet use18.7% (2024)
Internet resilience38 / 100 (2026)
Fixed speed56 / 100 download index (2026)
Mobile speed41 / 100 download index (2026)

Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index

Utilities
Electricity access39.4% (2023)
Grid losses5.3% of output (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Transport
Transport quality1.80 / 5 (2022)
Rail density1.2 km / 1,000 km² (2021)
Air connectivity168 departures / million people (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

HDI
Human development score
Moderate
49
How this score is calculated

The UN Human Development Index is the geometric mean of three dimension indices (a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living), shown on a 0–100 map scale (HDI × 100). The 2023 UNDP inputs behind each dimension are listed below.

HDI0.487 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life
Life expectancy63.6 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge
Expected schooling9.1 years (2023)
Mean schooling4.6 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Standard of living
GNI / person$1,656 PPP (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Resources

Mock data for demonstration only. Not legal or tax advice.