Mongolia

Eastern Asia

Asia

A low-cost Asian country with a 5-year citizenship path and low university tuition, but a weaker passport and no dual citizenship.

Overall score

Moderate · 94% data coverage

Language

Mongolian

Currency

MNT

Citizenship

5 years

Personal tax

Progressive, generally 10%-20%

Cost of living

$850 / mo (single)

Rules change often. Confirm any immigration, tax or legal decision with a qualified professional.

Score breakdown

Access

17%

42Residence12%

26Citizenship and passport5%

Earning power

25%

59Salary and work12%

74Buying power13%

Business and wealth

20%

68Taxes7%

49Business8%

44Investment5%

Daily life

25%

68Quality of life18%

74Education7%

Rights and institutions

13%

84Freedom6%

42Rule of law7%

Pros

A 5-year citizenship path
Low university tuition

Cons

A weaker passport
No dual citizenship

Best for

Students

Score profile

Access

Residence

Citizenship

Passport

Earning power

Salary & work

Buying power

Cost of living

Economy

Business and wealth

Taxes

Personal tax

Corporate tax

Business

Investment

Wealth building

Daily life

Safety

Healthcare

Environment

Infrastructure

Education

HDI

Rights and institutions

Freedom

Rule of law

How the scores are calculated

Access

Residence

Openness to residents

Limited

Migrant stock0.6% of population (2024)

Regulatory quality-0.07 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways

EmploymentStudyFamily reunificationBusiness or investment where eligible

Student	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Work	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Self-employed	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Permanent	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Citizenship

Citizenship accessibility

Low

Years required	5 years
Dual allowed	No
Language	Check the current naturalisation rules for the selected route
Residence	Typical headline route: 5 years; qualifying residence and absence rules apply
Notes	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Passport

Passport power

Limited

63 / 198

Mobility

#78

Global rank

Yes

Biometric

Visa-free26
On arrival33
eTA4
Visa required135

Placeholder estimates for 2024 to 2025. Check entry rules with each destination before travelling.

Earning power

Salary & work

Labour-market strength

Moderate

Output per worker$43,424 PPP (2024)

Unemployment5.2% (2025)

Participation59.7% of 15+ (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Mean monthly earnings of employees

Overall$442 · $1,343 PPP (2024)

Tech (IT & comms)$442 · $1,343 PPP (2024)

Source: ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)

Freelance	Market access depends on language, sector, and work authorisation
Job market	Use current local vacancy and salary data for role-specific decisions.

Buying power

Purchasing power score

Good

GNI / person$18,460 PPP (2025)

Consumption / person$10,005 PPP (2024)

Price level33 (US = 100) (2025)

Income inequality31.4 Gini (2022)

Inflation8.6% / yr (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Cost of living

Affordability

Excellent

Price level33 (US = 100) (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Rent	Varies substantially by city and neighbourhood
Monthly	$850 / mo (single)
Cities	Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet

Economy

Economic strength

Good

Output & income

GDP$25.4B (2025)

GDP / person$7,108 (2025)

GNI / person$18,460 PPP (2025)

GDP growth5.1% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Stability & labour

Inflation8.6% / yr (2025)

Unemployment5.2% (2025)

Output per worker$43,424 PPP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition

Agriculture8.9% of GDP (2025)

Industry37.2% of GDP (2025)

Services44.3% of GDP (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries

Mining (coal, copper, gold)Livestock & cashmereAgricultureConstruction

Top exports

CoalCopperGoldCashmere

Type	Lower-middle-income, mining-driven
Key sectors	Mining (Oyu Tolgoi), Livestock & cashmere
Summary	A vast, sparsely populated economy whose fortunes swing with coal, copper and gold mining exports.
Currency	Mongolian togrog

Business and wealth

Taxes

Tax friendliness

Good

Personal	Progressive, generally 10%-20%
Corporate	Generally 10% or 25%
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit tax	Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Foreign companies	Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply

Personal tax

Moderate

Personal	Progressive, generally 10%-20%
Freelance	Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit tax	Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence

Corporate tax

Good

Corporate	Generally 10% or 25%
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Foreign companies	Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply

Business

Business friendliness

Moderate

Regulation & bureaucracy

Regulatory quality-0.07 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Government effectiveness-0.39 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Operating rules

Foreign company	Generally possible, subject to sector, registration, tax, and substance rules
Local company	Available company forms and capital requirements vary
Freelance	Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply

Investment

Investing environment

Limited

Private credit45% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, residence, holding period, and treaty position
Dividends	Data not available yet
ETFs & funds	Data not available yet
Wealth tax	Check current national and subnational rules
Brokers	Local and international availability varies by residency and compliance checks
Foreign access	Data not available yet
Tax-advantaged	Data not available yet

Wealth building

Wealth accumulation

Moderate

Salary & work

Moderate

Business

Moderate

Investment

Limited

Tax friendliness

Good

Cost of living

Excellent

Daily life

Safety

Safety & stability

Moderate

Personal safety

Homicide rate5.9 per 100,000 (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Institutions & stability

Control of corruption-0.49 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Political stability0.42 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Healthcare

Healthcare score

Excellent

Outcomes

Life expectancy72.4 years (2024)

Under-5 mortality13.4 per 1,000 births (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing

Physicians4.13 per 1,000 (2022)

Hospital beds8.58 per 1,000 (2023)

Health spending$1,109 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs

System	Public/private mix varies by eligibility and residence status
Insurance	Check residence-permit and local coverage requirements
Average cost	Depends on eligibility, income, insurer, and chosen coverage

Environment

Environment score

Moderate

Environmental pressure

PM2.5 exposure42.7 μg/m³ annually (2023)

Water stress3.4% (2022)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Infrastructure

Infrastructure score

Moderate

Digital infrastructure

Internet use85.1% (2024)

Internet resilience58 / 100 (2026)

Fixed speed72 / 100 download index (2026)

Mobile speed45 / 100 download index (2026)

Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index

Utilities

Electricity access100.0% (2023)

Grid losses14.2% of output (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Transport

Transport quality2.30 / 5 (2022)

Rail density1.2 km / 1,000 km² (2021)

Air connectivity2,029 departures / million people (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Education

Education score

Good

Attainment

Expected schooling13.6 years (2023)

Mean schooling9.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment

Tertiary enrolment69% gross (2024)

Education spending5.2% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tuition	$2,000-6,000 / yr
Public university	Varies by institution, programme, and student nationality
Languages	Mongolian
Student work	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

HDI

Human development score

Good

HDI0.747 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life

Life expectancy71.7 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge

Expected schooling13.6 years (2023)

Mean schooling9.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025