Mongolia

Mongolia

Eastern Asia

Asia
60
Overall score
Moderate overall · 94% data coverage
Language
Mongolian
Currency
MNT
Citizenship
5 years
Personal tax
Progressive, generally 10%-20%
Cost of living
$850 / mo (single)
Overall scoring rubric
37
Access

How easy it is to get in, stay, and build status.

17% of Overall
42Residence12%
26Citizenship and passport5%
67
Earning power

How far local income goes after prices.

25% of Overall
59Salary and work12%
74Buying power13%
54
Business and wealth

How friendly the country is for taxes, companies, and investing.

20% of Overall
68Taxes7%
49Business8%
44Investment5%
70
Daily life

How comfortable everyday life is for families and long stays.

25% of Overall
68Quality of life18%
74Education7%
61
Rights and institutions

How reliable freedoms and institutions are.

13% of Overall
84Freedom6%
42Rule of law7%

Safety (60) clears the 40 floor, so no penalty applies.

Healthcare (81) clears the 40 floor, so no penalty applies.

Environment (50) clears the 35 floor, so no penalty applies.

Rights and institutions (61) clears the 30 floor, so no penalty applies.

Overall score
Final weighted result
60

A low-cost Asian country with a 5-year citizenship path and low university tuition, but a weaker passport and no dual citizenship.

Pros

  • A 5-year citizenship path
  • Low university tuition

Cons

  • A weaker passport
  • No dual citizenship

Best for

Students

Score profile

Access
Residence
42
Citizenship
24
Passport
32
Earning power
Salary & work
59
Buying power
74
Cost of living
92
Economy
69
Business and wealth
Taxes
68
Personal tax
64
Corporate tax
71
Business
49
Investment
44
Wealth building
61
Daily life
Safety
60
Healthcare
81
Environment
50
Infrastructure
57
Education
74
HDI
75
Rights and institutions
Freedom
84
Rule of law
42

Access

Residence

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any residence / visa decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Openness to residents
Limited
42
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines international migrant stock (40%), regulatory quality (20%), the breadth of named residence pathways (25%), and time to permanent residence (15%). Available indicators are reweighted.

Migrant stock0.6% of population (2024)
Regulatory quality-0.07 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways
EmploymentStudyFamily reunificationBusiness or investment where eligible
StudentRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
WorkRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Self-employedRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
PermanentRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Citizenship

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any citizenship decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Citizenship accessibility
Low
24
Years required5 years
Dual allowedfalse
LanguageCheck the current naturalisation rules for the selected route
ResidenceTypical headline route: 5 years; qualifying residence and absence rules apply
NotesRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Passport

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any travel or visa decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Passport power
Limited
32

Passport-index style mobility for the Mongolia passport. The score above is its world reach: the share of 198 destinations reachable without a prior visa.

63 / 198
Mobility
#78
Global rank
Yes
Biometric
  • Visa-free26
  • On arrival33
  • eTA4
  • Visa required135

Passport Index style mobility data (2024–2025 estimate). Placeholder figures; verify current entry rules with each destination’s authority before travelling.

Earning power

Salary & work
Labour-market strength
Moderate
59
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines output per worker (a proxy for wage potential at 40%), unemployment (35%) and labour-force participation (25%). Available indicators are reweighted; the curated profile fields remain below.

Output per worker$43,424 PPP (2024)
Unemployment5.2% (2025)
Participation59.7% of 15+ (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Mean monthly earnings of employees
Overall$442 · $1,343 PPP (2024)
Tech (IT & comms)$442 · $1,343 PPP (2024)

Source: ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)

FreelanceMarket access depends on language, sector, and work authorisation
Job marketUse current local vacancy and salary data for role-specific decisions.
Buying power
Purchasing power score
Good
74
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score estimates how far money goes for the typical person here. It combines GNI per capita at PPP (30%) and actual household consumption per person at PPP (15%) with a price-advantage term from the local price level (25%) that rewards lower prices, then adjusts for income equality via the Gini index (20%), so unequal economies don't ride a high average, plus price stability via consumer inflation (10%). Available indicators are reweighted; it is a comparison, not a personal budget estimate.

GNI / person$18,460 PPP (2025)
Consumption / person$10,005 PPP (2024)
Price level33 (US = 100) (2025)
Income inequality31.4 Gini (2022)
Inflation8.6% / yr (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Cost of living
Affordability
Excellent
92

Our 0–100 affordability score is derived from the local consumer price level (World Bank, US = 100): the cheaper everyday prices are, the higher it scores. Lower price level means your money goes further here.

Price level33 (US = 100) (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

RentVaries substantially by city and neighbourhood
Monthly$850 / mo (single)
CitiesUlaanbaatar, Erdenet
Economy
Economic strength
Good
69
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines income level (GDP and GNI per capita, output per worker), growth momentum (real GDP growth), price stability (inflation) and labour utilisation (unemployment). Available indicators are reweighted; the sector split and industry profile below are descriptive, not scored.

Output & income
GDP$25.4B (2025)
GDP / person$7,108 (2025)
GNI / person$18,460 PPP (2025)
GDP growth5.1% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Stability & labour
Inflation8.6% / yr (2025)
Unemployment5.2% (2025)
Output per worker$43,424 PPP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition
Agriculture8.9% of GDP (2025)
Industry37.2% of GDP (2025)
Services44.3% of GDP (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries
Mining (coal, copper, gold)Livestock & cashmereAgricultureConstruction
Top exports
CoalCopperGoldCashmere
TypeLower-middle-income, mining-driven
Key sectorsMining (Oyu Tolgoi), Livestock & cashmere
SummaryA vast, sparsely populated economy whose fortunes swing with coal, copper and gold mining exports.
CurrencyMongolian togrog

Business and wealth

Taxes

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Tax friendliness
Good
68
PersonalProgressive, generally 10%-20%
CorporateGenerally 10% or 25%
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
DividendsRates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit taxCheck current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Foreign cosManagement, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply
Personal tax

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Personal tax
Moderate
64
PersonalProgressive, generally 10%-20%
FreelanceRegistration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
DividendsRates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit taxCheck current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Corporate tax

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Corporate tax
Good
71
CorporateGenerally 10% or 25%
Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
DividendsRates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Foreign cosManagement, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply
Business
Business friendliness
Moderate
49
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score measures the operating environment without counting tax a second time: company formation and ownership rules contribute 40%, regulatory quality 30%, and government effectiveness 30%. Available indicators are reweighted; the values are shown below.

Regulation & bureaucracy
Regulatory quality-0.07 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Government effectiveness-0.39 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Operating rules
Foreign co.Generally possible, subject to sector, registration, tax, and substance rules
Local co.Available company forms and capital requirements vary
FreelanceRegistration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Investment

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any investment / tax decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Investing environment
Limited
44
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score measures market access without counting tax a second time: broker availability contributes 50%, equity-market depth 30%, and private credit depth 20%. Available indicators are reweighted.

Private credit45% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capital gainsTreatment varies by asset, residence, holding period, and treaty position
DividendsData not available yet
ETFs & fundsData not available yet
Wealth taxCheck current national and subnational rules
BrokersLocal and international availability varies by residency and compliance checks
Foreign accessData not available yet
Tax-advantagedData not available yet
Wealth building

Rules change often and depend on your situation. Confirm any tax / investment decision with a qualified professional, or do your own research, before acting.

Wealth accumulation
Moderate
61
How this score is calculated

How favourable Mongolia is for building wealth: earnings and business/investment upside, tax drag, and how much a typical income keeps after living costs. Estimated from the factors below.

Salary & work
Moderate
59
Business
Moderate
49
Investment
Limited
44
Tax friendliness
Good
68
Cost of living
Excellent
92

Daily life

Safety
Safety & stability
Moderate
60
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines personal safety (intentional homicide rate at 50%), political stability and absence of violence (30%), and control of corruption (20%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below. Always check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Personal safety
Homicide rate5.9 per 100,000 (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Institutions & stability
Control of corruption-0.49 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)
Political stability0.42 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Healthcare
Healthcare score
Excellent
81
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines health outcomes (life expectancy at 25% and under-5 mortality at 20%) with system capacity (physicians at 20% and hospital beds at 15% per 1,000 people) and health spending per capita (20%). Available indicators are reweighted; the published values are shown below.

Outcomes
Life expectancy72.4 years (2024)
Under-5 mortality13.4 per 1,000 births (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing
Physicians4.13 per 1,000 (2022)
Hospital beds8.58 per 1,000 (2023)
Health spending$1,109 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs
SystemPublic/private mix varies by eligibility and residence status
InsuranceCheck residence-permit and local coverage requirements
Avg costDepends on eligibility, income, insurer, and chosen coverage
Environment
Environment score
Moderate
50
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines annual population-weighted PM2.5 exposure at 60% with freshwater stress at 40%. Lower exposure and lower water stress score better. Air quality alone can produce a score because it covers most countries; water stress alone cannot.

Environmental pressure
PM2.5 exposure42.7 μg/m³ annually (2023)
Water stress3.4% (2022)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Infrastructure
Infrastructure score
Moderate
57
How this score is calculated

The score combines digital access, resilience and download performance (30%), electricity access and network losses (30%), and transport infrastructure covering rail, logistics and aviation (40%). Available inputs are reweighted, but a country needs both digital and transport data to receive a score.

Digital infrastructure
Internet use85.1% (2024)
Internet resilience58 / 100 (2026)
Fixed speed72 / 100 download index (2026)
Mobile speed45 / 100 download index (2026)

Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index

Utilities
Electricity access100.0% (2023)
Grid losses14.2% of output (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Transport
Transport quality2.30 / 5 (2022)
Rail density1.2 km / 1,000 km² (2021)
Air connectivity2,029 departures / million people (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Education
Education score
Good
74
How this score is calculated

Our 0–100 score combines attainment (expected schooling at 30% and mean schooling at 25%) with participation (tertiary enrolment at 25%) and public investment (government education spending at 20%). Available indicators are reweighted; tuition and study rules remain separate profile fields below.

Attainment
Expected schooling13.6 years (2023)
Mean schooling9.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment
Tertiary enrolment69% gross (2024)
Education spending5.2% of GDP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tuition$2,000-6,000 / yr
Public uniVaries by institution, programme, and student nationality
LanguagesMongolian
Student workRules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
HDI
Human development score
Good
75
How this score is calculated

The UN Human Development Index is the geometric mean of three dimension indices (a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living), shown on a 0–100 map scale (HDI × 100). The 2023 UNDP inputs behind each dimension are listed below.

HDI0.747 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life
Life expectancy71.7 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge
Expected schooling13.6 years (2023)
Mean schooling9.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Standard of living
GNI / person$14,787 PPP (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Rights and institutions

Freedom
Freedom score
Excellent
84
How this score is calculated

The score weights Freedom House’s 0–100 Freedom in the World score at 60% and its Freedom on the Net score at 40%. If either report does not cover a country, the available score is used alone. Scores of 70 and above are rated “Free”, 40–69 “Partly free”, and below 40 “Not free”.

Freedom in the World84 / 100 (Free)
Rule of law
Rule of law score
Limited
42
How this score is calculated

The World Bank’s Rule of Law indicator captures how well contracts are enforced and how independent and effective the courts, police and property-rights regime are. We show its 0–100 percentile rank, where higher means stronger, more predictable institutions.

Rule of Law percentile42 / 100
Resources

Mock data for demonstration only. Not legal or tax advice.