Uzbekistan

Central Asia

Asia

A low-tax Asian country with a 5-year citizenship path, a digital-nomad visa and a startup visa, but a weaker passport and no dual citizenship.

Overall score

Limited · Penalty applied · 98% data coverage

Language

Uzbek

Currency

UZS

Citizenship

5 years

Personal tax

12% flat

Cost of living

$750 / mo (single)

Rules change often. Confirm any immigration, tax or legal decision with a qualified professional.

Score breakdown

Access

17%

44Residence12%

28Citizenship and passport5%

Earning power

25%

54Salary and work12%

72Buying power13%

Business and wealth

20%

78Taxes7%

51Business8%

33Investment5%

Daily life

25%

68Quality of life18%

74Education7%

Rights and institutions

13%

19Freedom6%

30Rule of law7%

Severe environmental risk (23) cut the overall score from 55 to 45.

Weak rights and institutions (25) cut the overall score from 45 to 40.

Pros

A 5-year citizenship path
A digital-nomad visa
A startup visa

Cons

A weaker passport
No dual citizenship

Best for

Remote workersLow-tax relocatorsFounders

Score profile

Access

Residence

Citizenship

Passport

Earning power

Salary & work

Buying power

Cost of living

Economy

Business and wealth

Taxes

Personal tax

Corporate tax

Business

Investment

Wealth building

Daily life

Safety

Healthcare

Environment

Infrastructure

Education

HDI

Rights and institutions

Freedom

Rule of law

How the scores are calculated

Access

Residence

Openness to residents

Limited

Migrant stock3.2% of population (2024)

Regulatory quality-0.53 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main pathways

EmploymentStudyFamily reunificationBusiness or investment where eligible

Student	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Work	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Self-employed	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.
Permanent	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Citizenship

Citizenship accessibility

Low

Years required	5 years
Dual allowed	No
Language	Check the current naturalisation rules for the selected route
Residence	Typical headline route: 5 years; qualifying residence and absence rules apply
Notes	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

Passport

Passport power

Limited

83 / 198

Mobility

#60

Global rank

Yes

Biometric

Visa-free41
On arrival39
eTA3
Visa required115

Placeholder estimates for 2024 to 2025. Check entry rules with each destination before travelling.

Earning power

Salary & work

Labour-market strength

Moderate

Output per worker$27,508 PPP (2024)

Unemployment4.6% (2025)

Participation57.5% of 15+ (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tech salary (estimate)	Varies substantially by city, seniority, and employer
Freelance	Market access depends on language, sector, and work authorisation
Job market	Use current local vacancy and salary data for role-specific decisions.

Buying power

Purchasing power score

Good

GNI / person$13,640 PPP (2025)

Consumption / person$7,909 PPP (2024)

Price level28 (US = 100) (2025)

Income inequality32.7 Gini (2025)

Inflation8.8% / yr (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Cost of living

Affordability

Excellent

Price level28 (US = 100) (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Rent	Varies substantially by city and neighbourhood
Monthly	$750 / mo (single)
Cities	Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara

Economy

Economic strength

Moderate

Output & income

GDP$147B (2025)

GDP / person$3,968 (2025)

GNI / person$13,640 PPP (2025)

GDP growth6.5% / yr (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Stability & labour

Inflation8.8% / yr (2025)

Unemployment4.6% (2025)

Output per worker$27,508 PPP (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Sector composition

Agriculture16.6% of GDP (2025)

Industry32.5% of GDP (2025)

Services46.5% of GDP (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Main industries

Mining (gold, copper)Natural gasCotton & textilesAgricultureAutomotive

Top exports

GoldNatural gasCotton & textilesCopper

Type	Lower-middle-income, resources- and agri-led
Key sectors	Gold mining, Cotton & textiles, Energy
Summary	A reforming Central Asian economy built on gold, gas and cotton, opening up after decades of isolation.
Currency	Uzbekistani som

Business and wealth

Taxes

Tax friendliness

Good

Personal	12% flat
Corporate	Generally 15%
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit tax	Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence
Foreign companies	Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply

Personal tax

Good

Personal	12% flat
Freelance	Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Exit tax	Check current domestic rules before changing tax residence

Corporate tax

Moderate

Corporate	Generally 15%
Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, holding structure, residence, and treaty position
Dividends	Rates and withholding depend on residence and treaty eligibility
Foreign companies	Management, permanent-establishment, CFC, and reporting rules may apply

Business

Business friendliness

Moderate

Regulation & bureaucracy

Regulatory quality-0.53 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Government effectiveness-0.14 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Operating rules

Foreign company	Generally possible, subject to sector, registration, tax, and substance rules
Local company	Available company forms and capital requirements vary
Freelance	Registration, immigration permission, tax, and social contributions may apply

Investment

Investing environment

Limited

Market cap16% of GDP (2025)

Private credit31% of GDP (2025)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capital gains	Treatment varies by asset, residence, holding period, and treaty position
Dividends	Data not available yet
ETFs & funds	Data not available yet
Wealth tax	Check current national and subnational rules
Brokers	Local and international availability varies by residency and compliance checks
Foreign access	Data not available yet
Tax-advantaged	Data not available yet

Wealth building

Wealth accumulation

Moderate

Salary & work

Moderate

Business

Moderate

Investment

Limited

Tax friendliness

Good

Cost of living

Excellent

Daily life

Safety

Safety & stability

Good

Personal safety

Homicide rate1.4 per 100,000 (2021)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Institutions & stability

Control of corruption-0.75 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Political stability-0.03 (−2.5 to 2.5) (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Check current government travel and security advice before relocating.

Healthcare

Healthcare score

Good

Outcomes

Life expectancy72.5 years (2024)

Under-5 mortality13.4 per 1,000 births (2024)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Capacity & resourcing

Physicians2.81 per 1,000 (2021)

Hospital beds4.89 per 1,000 (2023)

Health spending$749 PPP / person (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

System & costs

System	Public/private mix varies by eligibility and residence status
Insurance	Check residence-permit and local coverage requirements
Average cost	Depends on eligibility, income, insurer, and chosen coverage

Environment

Environment score

Low

Environmental pressure

PM2.5 exposure32.8 μg/m³ annually (2023)

Water stress123.0% (2022)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Infrastructure

Infrastructure score

Good

Digital infrastructure

Internet use89.5% (2024)

Internet resilience56 / 100 (2026)

Fixed speed74 / 100 download index (2026)

Mobile speed61 / 100 download index (2026)

Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators · Internet Society Pulse Internet Resilience Index

Utilities

Electricity access100.0% (2023)

Grid losses4.9% of output (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Transport

Transport quality2.40 / 5 (2022)

Rail density10.7 km / 1,000 km² (2021)

Air connectivity807 departures / million people (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Education

Education score

Good

Attainment

Expected schooling12.5 years (2023)

Mean schooling11.9 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Participation & investment

Tertiary enrolment60% gross (2025)

Education spending5.5% of GDP (2023)

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

Tuition	$2,000-6,000 / yr
Public university	Varies by institution, programme, and student nationality
Languages	Uzbek
Student work	Rules depend on status and circumstances; verify the current requirements with the competent authority before acting.

HDI

Human development score

Good

HDI0.740 (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Long & healthy life

Life expectancy72.4 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025

Knowledge

Expected schooling12.5 years (2023)

Mean schooling11.9 years (2023)

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025